
About a week ago, I watched Clint Eastwood’s The Flags of Our Fathers on DVD. It is a film about the Battle of Iwo Jima and tells the story of how one of the most famous war photographs in history became an enduring symbol of American heroism. The picture, which portrays five marine soldiers who raise the American flag on the Japanese island, were used as propaganda tools by the United States government to lift the morale of the American people and raise money for the war effort.
The pictures of war are manipulative, and it is not always easy to know what is true and what propaganda. A debate about the use of resent pictures from the war in Iraq has sparked some debate in Sweden. Billy McCormac of think tank Timbro has voiced some criticism of Sweden’s public television network SVT News’s broadcasting of a sceptical segment on the US military’s chance discovery of a nightmarish, Iraqi orphanage charged with the care of disabled children. From McCormac’s article:
In a routine sweep, American soldiers had found and rescued 24 emaciated boys dying a slow and agonizing death in appalling squalor and unimaginable filth, some cruelly chained to iron beds. The soldiers recorded the grisly scene with a digital camera.
CBS Evening News reporter Lara Logan—a seasoned war correspondent with Kevlar-vest experience from conflicts in Kosovo and Afghanistan—broke the shocking story, which of course spread furiously across the airwaves and Internet.
And though Sweden’s nine o’clock news anchor expressed appropriate disgust and dismay at the images of defenseless children sadistically starved to brink of existence, it took only seconds for reporter Stina Blomgren to call into question the journalistic integrity of the photos. After all, U.S. servicemen had taken them. Blomgren then noted, ominously, that no one knows how CBS got their hands on the images.
Blomgren asked an American journalism professor living in Sweden, Karin Becker, to comment on the journalistic aspects of the story. Becker began by declaring that the pictures were not taken by professional journalists, but rather by men in uniform.
Soldiers, said Becker, view the mainstream media as anti-military and therefore use alternative channels to bring their story to audiences at home.
Blomgren was quick to add that U.S. command is more than happy to portray its soldiers saving innocent children, not least given the Iraq invasion’s tremendous unpopularity, the high military death toll in recent weeks, and the ongoing troop “surge” meant to restore order and get things back on track.
The story depicts American soldiers as heroes and humanitarians, the journalism professor explained. Thus she implored the media to handle these pictures—aired by American media outlets and originating with American soldiers—with extreme care. In other words, the orphanage story may be a staged and/or well-timed public relations stunt.
Though I believe a healthy journalistic skepticism to stories emanating from armed conflicts is warranted and crucial, it would appear that this rigorous treatment extends almost exclusively to positive news.
If memory serves me well, Swedish television did not consult journalism professors when the media began airing the stomach-churning images of prisoner abuse at the hands of Americans stationed at Abu Ghraib—photos taken by soldiers. And I’m fairly confident that Swedish reporters did not wring their hands over the journalistic integrity of these images or over how they had found their way into the hands of American media outlets.
I think he is right. Swedish media is bias against the Iraq war and the United States. I saw the segment discussed, and I second McCormac’s impression of it. However, Stina Blomgren of SVT News has a point in her reply:
The images were extremely disturbing and powerful; they showed American soldiers entering an orphanage in Iraq, where they found a group of children who were starving and clearly suffering pain.
We at Aktuellt decided late in the afternoon to broadcast the images on the 9pm news.
As the footage was captured by American troops at war, rather than a journalist, it was treated with extra care. This is imperative when dealing with sources that are not independent.
We also decided to include in our news broadcast a discussion of the fact that images may be used for propaganda purposes by parties to war. There is certainly no lack of historical precedents.
For this reason we asked Karin Becker, a professor of journalism at Stockholm University, to evaluate the footage from Iraq and the role it might play in the ongoing conflict. Karin Becker reinforced the assessment that the media should treat with caution any materials received from parties to war.
She is right; images like these tend to be propagandised. If I were in charge of the US Army’s public relations department (I assume they have one), I would milk everything of this story.